Eulers Totient Theorem

Eulers Totient Theorem epitome Euler Totient theorem is a generalized form of Fermats Little system. As such, it solely depends on Fermats Little Theorem as indicated in Eulers study in 1763 and, later in 1883, the theorem was named after him by J. J. Sylvester. According to Sylvester, the theorem is basically ab off the alteration in similarity. The term Totient was derived from Quotient, hence, the function deals with division, but in a unique way. In this manner, The Eulers Totient function for any integer (n) can be demarcated, as the course of positive integers is not greater than and co- premier(a) to n.a(n) = 1 (mod n)establish on Leonhard Eulers contributions toward the development of this theorem, the theory was named after him despite the fact that it was a abstraction of Fermats Little guess in which n is identified to be peak. Based on this fact, nearly scholarly source refers to this theorem as the Fermats-Euler theorem of Eulers abstract.IntroductionI showtime developed an interest in Euler when I was completing a listener crossword the concealed message read Euler was the master of the crossword. When I initial saw the inclusion of the name Euler on the list of touch off words, I had no option but to just go for it. Euler was a famous mathematician in the eighteenth century, who was acknowledged for his contribution in the maths discipline, as he was responsible for proving numerous problems and conjectures. Taking the sum theory as an example, Euler successively played a vital role in proving the both(prenominal)-squ be theorem as well as the Fermats little theorem (Griffiths and Peter 81). His contribution besides paved the way to proving the four-squ argon theorem. Therefore, in this course project, I am firing to focus on his theory, which is not known to many it is a generalization of Fermats little theorem that is commonly known as Eulers theorem.TheoremEulers Totient theorem holds that if a and n ar coprime positive integ ers, then since n is a Eulers Totient function.Eulers Totient FunctionEulers Totient Function (n) is the appear of positive integers that argon less that n and comparatively prime to n. For instance, 10 is 4, since in that location be four integers, which be less than 10 and are relatively prime to 10 1, 3, 7, 9. Consequently, 11 is 10, since there 11 prime payoffs racket which are less than 10 and are relatively prime to 10. The same way, 6 is 2 as 1 and 5 are relatively prime to 6, but 2, 3, and 4 are not.The following panel represents the totients of deeds up to twenty.Nn21324254627684961041110124131214615816817161861918208Some of these examples seek to testify Eulers totient theorem.Let n = 10 and a = 3. In this case, 10 and 3 are co-prime i.e. relatively prime. Using the provided table, it is clean-cut that 10 = 4. Then this relation can also be delineate as follows34 = 81 1 (mode 10). Conversely, if n = 15 and a = 2, it is clear that 28 = 256 1 (mod 15).Fermats Lit tle TheoryAccording to Liskov (221), Eulers Totient theorem is a simplification of Fermats little theorem and works with every n that are relatively prime to a. Fermats little theorem only works for a and p that are relatively prime.a p-1 1 (mod p)ora p a (mod p)where p itself is prime.It is, therefore, clear that this equation fits in the Eulers Totient theorem for every prime p, as indicated in p, where p is a prime and is given by p-1.Therefore, to prove Eulers theorem, it is vital to first prove Fermats little theorem.Proof to Fermats Little TheoremAs anterior indicated, the Fermats little theorem can be expressed as followsap a (mod p)taking dickens numbers a and p, that are relatively prime, where p is also prime.The rear of a a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a(p-1)a(i)Consider an otherwisewise set of number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.(p-1a)(ii)If hotshot decides to take the modulus for p, to each ace constituent of the set (i) give be congruent to an item in the back set (ii). Therefore, ther e pull up stakes be one on one correspondence amongst the cardinal sets. This can be proven as lemma 1.Consequently, if one decides to take the product of the first set, that is a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x . (p-1)a as well as the product of the flake set as 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 (p-1). It is clear that both of these sets are congruent to one another that is, each divisor in the first set matches another element in the second set (Liskov 221).Therefore, the two sets can be represented as followsa x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x . (p-1)a 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 (p-1) (mode p).If one takes go forth the factor a p-1 from the left-hand side (L.H.S), the resultant equation will be Ap-1 a x 2a x 3a x 4a x 5a x . (p-1)a 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 (p-1) (mode p).If the same equation is divided by 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 (p-1) when p is prime, one will sticka p a (mod p)ora p-1 1 (mod p)It should be clear that each element in the first set should correspond to another element in the second set (elements of the set ar e congruent). Even though this is not obvious at the first step, it can still be proved through triplet logical steps as follows distributively element in the first set should be congruent to one element in the second set this implies that none of the elements will be congruent to 0, as pand a are relatively prime.No two numbers in the first set can be labeled as ba or ca. If this is done, some elements in the first set can be the same as those in the second set. This would signify that two numbers are congruent to each other i.e. ba ca (mod p), which would mean that b c (mod p) which is not true mathematically, since both the element are divergent and less than p.An element in the first set can not be congruent to two numbers in the second set, since a number can only be congruent to numbers that differ by multiple of p.Through these three rules, one can prove Fermats Little Theorem.Proof of Eulers Totient TheoremSince the Fermats little theorem is a special form of Eulers Toti ent theorem, it follows that the two proofs provided earlier in this exploration are similar, but slight adjustments need to be made to Fermats little theorem to pardon Eulers Totient theorem (Krizek 97). This can be done by development the equationa n 1 (mod n)where the two numbers, a and n, are relatively prime, with the set of figures N, which are relatively prime to n 1, n1. n2.n n . This set is likely to have n element, which is defined by the number of the relatively prime number to n. In the same way, in the second set aN, each and every element is a product of a as well as an element of N a, an1, an2, an3ann. to each one element of the set aN must be congruent to another element in the set N (mode n) as noted by the earlier three rules. Therefore, each element of the two sets will be congruent to each other (Giblin 111).In this scenario case, it can be said thata x an1 x an2 x an3 x . an n a x n1 x n2 x n3 x .n n (mod n).By factoring out a and an from the left-hand sid e, one can obtain the following equationa n 1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x .n n 1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x .n n (mod n)If this obtained equation is divided by 1 x n1 x n2 x n3 x .n n from both sides, all the elements in the two sets will be relatively prime. The obtained equation will be as followsa n 1 (mod n)Application of the Eulers TheoremUnlike other Eulers works in the number theory like the proof for the two-square theorem and the four-square theorem, the Eulers totient theorem has significant applications across the globe. The Eulers totient theorem and Fermats little theorem are commonly used in decoding and encryption of data, especially in the RSA encryption systems, which protection resolves around oversize prime numbers (Wardlaw 97).ConclusionIn summary, this theorem may not be Eulers most well-designed piece of mathematics my favorite theorem is the two-square theorem by infinite descent. disrespect this, the theorem seems to be a crucial and important piece of work, especially for that time. The number theory is still regarded as the most useful theory in mathematics nowadays. Through this proof, I have had the opportunity to connect some of the work I have earlier done in decided mathematics as well as sets relation and group options. Indeed, these two options seem to be among the purest sections of mathematics that I have ever canvas in mathematics. However, this exploration has enabled me to explore the relationship between Eulers totient theorem and Fermats little theorem. I have also applied knowledge from one discipline to the other which has broadened my view of mathematics.Works CitedGiblin, P J. Primes, and Programming An Introduction to Number Theory with Computing. Cambridge UP, 1993. Print.Griffiths, H B, and Peter J. Hilton. A Comprehensive Textbook of Classical math A Contemporary Interpretation. London Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, 1970. Print.Krizek, M., et al. 17 Lectures on Fermat Numbers From Number Theory to Geometry. Springer, 2001. Print .Liskov, Moses. Fermats Little Theorem. cyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, pp. 221-221.Wardlaw, William P. Eulers Theorem for Polynomials. Ft. Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. Print.